Yoga Sutra 2.4

Avidya kshetram uttaresam prasupta tanu vicchinna udaranam

Summary

Yoga Sutra 2.4 states: “Avidya kshetram uttaresam prasupta tanu vicchinna udaranam.” This sutra explains that ignorance (avidya) is the field in which all other kleshas (afflictions) grow, whether they are dormant, weak, intermittent, or fully active.

Analysis

Avidya

Translation: Ignorance.

Meaning: Avidya is the fundamental ignorance or lack of true knowledge that causes a distorted perception of reality. It is the primary source from which all other kleshas arise and is considered the root cause of all suffering.

Kshetram

Translation: Field.

Meaning: Kshetram refers to the ground or field in which something grows. In this context, it means that avidya is the fertile ground from which other afflictions (kleshas) emerge and develop.

Uttaresam

Translation: Of the others.

Meaning: This word indicates that the other kleshas, such as egoism, attachment, aversion, and fear, all originate from ignorance.

Prasupta

Translation: Dormant.

Meaning: Prasupta describes the state of a klesha when it is not currently active but has the potential to arise.

Tanu

Translation: Weakened.

Meaning: Tanu refers to a state where the klesha is present but weak or faint, and not exerting a strong influence.

Vicchinna

Translation: Intermittent.

Meaning: Vicchinna describes a klesha that comes and goes, surfacing at certain times and receding at others.

Udaranam

Translation: Fully active.

Meaning: Udaranam signifies a klesha that is fully active and exerting a strong influence on thoughts, emotions, and actions.

Significance of the Sutra

Yoga Sutra 2.4 is significant as it emphasizes the pivotal role of avidya (ignorance) in the manifestation of all other kleshas (afflictions). By identifying ignorance as the root cause, this sutra highlights the importance of cultivating true knowledge and wisdom as a means to address and overcome the various afflictions that cause suffering. Understanding the different states in which kleshas can exist—dormant, weak, intermittent, or fully active—enables practitioners to recognize and address them more effectively on their spiritual journey.

Common Interpretations

Traditional Interpretation

In traditional yoga teachings, this sutra underscores the critical role of avidya in the development of all other kleshas. Practitioners are encouraged to focus on dispelling ignorance through dedicated practice, study, and meditation. By addressing the root cause, they can weaken and ultimately overcome the various afflictions that impede spiritual progress.

Modern Interpretation

In modern contexts, practitioners often interpret this sutra as a call to examine the underlying beliefs and misconceptions that shape their thoughts and behaviors. Avidya might be seen as cognitive biases or lack of self-awareness, while the other kleshas represent the various ways these biases manifest in daily life. Addressing these issues is viewed as essential for achieving mental health, emotional resilience, and overall well-being.

Yoga Sutra 2.4 provides a profound insight into the nature of human suffering and the obstacles on the path to self-realization. Whether approached through traditional or modern lenses, its teachings offer valuable guidance for overcoming afflictions and achieving a state of inner freedom and harmony.